Fama Fraternitatis - 1614

Wiewohl wir nun wohl wissen, daß es umb ein ziemliches noch nicht an dem, da wieder unserm Verlangen oder auch anderer Hoffnung mit allgemeiner Reformation divini et humani, solle genug geschehen, ist es doch nicht unbillich, daß, ehe die Sonne auffgehet, sie zuvor ein HELL oder dunkel liecht in den Himmel bringt und unter dessen etliche wenige, die sich werden angeben, zusammen tretten, unsere Fraternitet mit der Zahl und Ansehen des gewünschten und von Fr.R.C. fürgeschriebenen Philosophischen Canons, einen glücklichen Anfang machen oder ja in unserer Schätz (die uns nimmermehr aufgehen können) mit uns in Demut und Liebe genießen die Mühsamkeit dieser Welt überzuckern und in den Wunderwerken Gottes nicht also blind umbgehen.

Vi vet dock att det enligt vår åstundan och andras förväntningar efter någon tid kommer en allmän reformation av både gudomliga och mänskliga ting. Ty innan solen går upp, upplyses himlen av
MORGONRODNADENS ljus. I väntan på denna reformation församlas några få som med sitt antal skall utöka vårt brödraskap, höja dess anseende och stärka dess förhoppningar och ge de av Fr.R.C. föreskrivna Filosofiska Canons en lycklig begynnelse. I all ödmjukhet och kärlek skall dessa nytillkomna tillsammans med oss dela våra skatter, som aldrig skall förgås, och så lindra denna världens möda och inte längre vandra ovetande om kunskapen om Guds underbara verk.

Howbeit we know after a time there will now be a general reformation, both of divine and humane things, according to our desire, and the expectation of others: for it is fitting, that before the rising of the Sun, there should appear and break forth AURORA, or some clearness, or divine light in the sky; and so in the mean time some few, which shall give their names, may joyn together, thereby to increase the number and respect of our Fraternity, and make a happy and wished for beginning of our Philosophical Canons, prescribed to us by our brother R.C. and be partakers with us of our treasures (which never can fail or be wasted) in all humility, and love to be eased of this worlds labor, and not walk so blindly in the knowledge of the wonderful works of God.

Definition

Det brittiska ordenssällskapet Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn och den tyska Frimurarlogen L'Aurore Naissante, vilket grundades i London 1888 respektive Frankfurt-am-Main 1807, delade på samma hebreiska namn Chevrah Zerach Bequr Aur, förevisat i gyllene gult vid bloggens huvud, vilket ordagrannt kan översättas till “Stigande Gryningsljusets Sällskap”. Denna tyska Rosenkorsiska Frimurarloge i Frankfurt, vilket måste anses vara det ursprungliga modertemplet till GOLDEN DAWN, kallade sig på tyska även Loge sur Aufgehenden Morgenröthe, vilket kan översättas till “Gryende Morgonrodnadens Loge”. Detta skiljer sig åt från den engelska seden att översätta orden Bequr Aur till “Golden Dawn” eller “Gyllene Gryningen”. Med anledning av Rosenkorstraditionens tyska ursprung är en mer korrekt översättning av Bequr Aur, genom franskans L'Aurore Naissante och tyskans Aufgehenden Morgenröthe, inget annat än GRYENDE MORGONRODNADEN. Denna hänvisning till ett stigande gryningsljus, morgonrodnad eller aurora är en klar hänvisning till den allmäna reformationen omnämnt i det ovan citerade stycket från Fama Fraternitatis. Denna blogg har dock valt att behålla den försvenskade anglo-saxiska termen GYLLENE GRYNINGEN för att denna, invand som den är, lättare associeras med den Rosenkorsiska tradition som här ämnas att framställas.

Licht, Leben, Liebe

söndag 12 juli 2009

The Path of the Red Dragon

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My first experience of real, as opposed to “spiritual” Alchemy, was somewhere in the late 90’s and through the Humid or Wet Way of The Red Dragon, as thaught by an Adept of the Alpha et Omega and initiate of the Frères Aînés de la Rose Croix, or Elder Brethren of the Rosy Cross, commonly referred to as the F.A.R+C. Since then I have been very fascinated by the particular path of F.A.R+C but also to some extent by the organization itself. The myths and stories about its origins are particularly colorful and a bit typical of hermetically sealed Rosicrucian Orders, who often create fantastic stories about their origins and lineage when they do speak openly of it; it comes with the trade.

The F.A.R+C is a Templar and Chivalric Order which traces its origins, like the Gold und Rosenkreutz, to Templar refugees in Scotland. It is said to have been created in 1316 by 33 Templar Knights, and in particular the brethren Guidon de Montanor and Gaston de la Pierre-Phoebus, who practiced the Alchemical Arts they had received in the Orient from their eastern brethren, i.e. Arabic Sages. In the Legenda des Freres Aines de la Rose Croix the author Roger Caro lists amongst others the following individuals as their former Imperatores and successors to the supposed original founders: Robert Fludd (as the 33rd Imperator, between the years 1623-1630), Lord Bulwer Lytton (as the 51st, between 1849-1865), Eliphas Levi (as the 52nd, 1865-1874), William Wynn Westcott (as the 53rd, 1874-1892), Felix Leigh Gardner (as the 54th, 1892-1898), and Rudolf Steiner (as the 55th, between 1898-1900). While this list of course is a fantastic tale, and nothing more, it at least tells us something about which historical figures influenced the people behind the formation of the F.A.R+C. It is interesting to note two Golden Dawn Adepts amongst these people, i.e. F. L. Gardner and founder W.W. Westcott.

The Seal of the F.A.R+C

It is difficult to confirm the specific year when the F.A.R+C was founded. But according to some the first modern appearance of the Order was initiated by a Kamala-Jnana (who according to some was Jean Deleuvre and according to others Roger Caro), as the Temple Initiatique Alchimique d'Ajunta, in the late 60’s but according to its own published sources as early as in the late 50's. One of the last achievements of this first form of the Order was the publication of the book The Complete Great Work in Photographs, which shows the Path of the Red Dragon, or the “Cinnabre” Path, in full colour photographs during the entire process of creating the Red Powder, or Philosopher’s Stone, and the White Stone. This book shows a silver ingot and a gold plate, transmuted by these white and red stones. Although without the necessary keys, which only is received through initiation, nobody will be able to recreate this process.

Roger Caro

Some say that Roger Caro became the new Imperator after Deleuvre’s death and then changed its name into Frères Aînés de la Rose Croix or F.A.R+C. Its headquarters were in Paris and allegedly it only contained 33 official members, adhering to the Templar myth of the 33 founders. But there also existed unofficial bodies attached to the headquarters in Paris. There existed also a “Collegia Al-Kimia” which spread more openly, beyond the limited circle of the F.A.R+C, some aspects of their alchemical doctrines.

In 1973 the organizaton decided, according to specific Rosicrucian rules, to be “asleep” for 25 years. But, as it seems, Roger Caro continued with the sister organization or side body of the F.A.R+C called «l`Eglise Universelle de la Nouvelle Alliance» (E.U.N.A.), or Universal Church of the New Alliance, a clerical Rosicrucian organization founded in 1972 and steeped in the tradition of Roman Catholicism. This organization seems to have stopped all Alchemical activities after the death of Roger Caro in1992.

The Seal of the E.U.N.A.

Today, since the set time frame of 25 years has elapsed, there has resurfaced a Belgian branch of the Order calling itself the Ordre Souverain des Frères Aînés de la Rose Croix, with Philippe de Coster as Grand Master. As I don’t know very much about this latest particular branch and revival of the F.A.R+C, I cannot personally verify its lineage and authorization, but it seems to operate the Order according to traditional forms as set forth by Roger Caro. It has also been republishing the books of Roger Caro, which may easily be found on the internet. Since then also this following document has been circulating on the internet, which must be regarded as the official version of the founding of the F.A.R+C. The original is in French but I have made a tentative translation of it, thus:
Chapter VIII
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE E.U.N.A.

One could almost begin this history as with a fairy tale. Fifteen years ago, a group of friends gathered together to explore a very large subject of common interest, since the Hermeneutics is a science that aims to explore all the ancient texts.

It was decided that these 33 researchers should study the branches of their choice, some plunged into Astrology of St. Thomas Aquinas, others into the medical books of the Bishop of Regensburg, others into dowsing, and others into the Royal Art of two popes: Clement V and John XXII, and many other clergy, such as Blessed Raymond Lulle, Basil Valentine, Dom Pernette, etc..., etc... All members of our group had one thing in common, they were all Catholics.They took the name of Frères Aînés de la Rose Croix [Elder Brethren of the Rose Cross – transl.] because one day a Prelate visited them to demonstrate that the studies they were persuing were similar to the F.A.R+C Order, of which he was the chairman for over 40 years. Having satisfied our 33 friends, he took them under his wing, and at his death his great friend Roger Caro was elected as the head of the Order. However, as it held meetings only twice per year, it was decided that all Members should meet in St. Cyrsur on Wednesdays, and that each session should begin with a Holy Mass. Unfortunately, there was no clergy amongst the 33 brethren of the F.A.R+C and each time it needed to appeal to a priest from the outside, living in Salon-de-Provence. But one day, that support was lacking, and the Hermetic Order could no longer performe the Mass. But Heavenly Providence looked with favor, and, as Roger Caro had published numerous articles relating to both Roman Orthodox theology (He had been educated for years by Bishop Dahane and Professor Mohlbwerg of Rome in the Vatican) he was surprised to receive a letter from Belgium from the Primate of the l'Eglise Rosicrucienne Apostolique [the Rosicrucian Apostolic Church – transl.] (a direct descendant of St. Evode - 1st bishop consecrated by St. Peter at Antioch) and learned that he had been following his clerical journey and his articles on the Royal Art ... and that if he wanted, he could come to St. Cyr to be received into the Order and become its representative in France. After several exchanges of letters, the agreement was concluded, and on 10 June 1972, Archbishop Raymond Toussaint transmitted the minor and major to R. Caro, his representative in France. During the following months (while our group took the name «Eglise de la Nouvelle Alliance» [Church of the New Alliance – transl.]) while being subject to the Church of R+C in Belgium, leaflets and books were published. That's when the confusion starts, because when our Church was granted its promised autonomy, everything changed radically, but inwardly as we were not financially able to republish our books.The Mass of St. Pius V replaced that which we had been given by Bishop Toussaint, and succeeded to slightly modify the previous Pontifical Topics... In short, we became Catholic, following the Roman Law in all matters relating to the rituals, sacraments, prayers, offices, etc ... and the Gallican Right for everything that is administrative.

E.U.N.A. was registered on October 12, 1972, in the Prefecture of Toulon and was published in the Official Journal on 19th of the same month, page 10991.

On August 15, 1973, it was admitted to the «Collège Episcopal de Archevêques et Evêques de Siège de l'Eglise Catholique Gallicane» [Episcopal College of Archbishops and Bishops of the Headquarters of the Gallican Catholic Church – Transl.]. (Bishop Truchemotte Patriarch of the Gallican Catholic Church).

ENA being ecumenical, Bishop Caro did not hesitate to exchange sub Conditioner consecrations with many Prelates Friends, which permitted the achievement of the 32 Intercommunication days with sister churches of the same faith ... because we are pure, a sub conditioner re-consecration was never given or received with other intentions but to “strengthen ties between churches”, in other words to get or give new apostolic succession was in some way equivalent to enter or bring a friend into her own family. He had this point clarified once and for all.

As to our professed faith, the seven chapters are quite explicit ... but it is good to conclude this booklet to summarize our beliefs.
The question that immediately should be raised is, who was this “Prelat” which approached Roger Caro and his 32 associates? According to a recent suggestion this was an emissary of Max Heindel’s Rosicrucian Fellowship, which allegedly was using the name of Frères Aînés de la Rose Croix for its inner group. Perhaps he was but I suppose the only people who really know the truth about this matter would be the original 33 companions. And until anyone of them will come forward and corroborate this new information we, in my humble opinion, must suspend all our judgments. What we do know however is that according to the Rosicrucian Fellowship of Max Heindel’s, there did exist an Order called Frères Aînés de la Rose Croix that was created in 1313, which is reminiscent of the “Legenda” of Roger Caro. However there is a major discrepancy as there is no Templar connection in the Max Heindel version, who asserts that the founder was Christian Rosenkreutz himself and 12 of his associates.

Furthermore there has previously been raised more serious allegations regarding the founding of the F.A.R+C. According to these sources a Forrest Barber, a Templar researcher and Gnostic priest, got hold of some papers from the 17th century belonging to the descendants of Pierre Duese, the brother of the notorious Pope Clement V who dissolved the Order of the Knights Templars. This brother was however supposedly behind the establishment of the Order of Christ in Portugal (the direct descendent of the Knights Templar, who also sponsored Christopher Columbus and his expedition over the Atlantic), as well as being responsible for sending his nephew, Cardinal Jacques de Via, on a mission to Scotland to bring back to France a number of high-ranking Templars to form the Frères Aînés de la Rose Croix. Allegedly Roger Caro used these documents to create a historical legitimacy for his F.A.R+C. I haven’t done any in depth research behind these allegations, but to me it all seems like conjectures and speculations. I suppose Roger Caro took the real facts about the story behind the “Legenda” with him to his grave.

A F.A.R+C style alchemical laboratoy

Obviously these allegations raised against the F.A.R+C contradict each other. And what if it was true that Caro used some documents to create a fraud, or that there never existed an actual “Prelat” from the Original Rosicrucian Order? It wouldn’t be the first time that a Rosicrucian organization was dishonest about its true origins; remember the story about Westcott faking his letter correspondence with the alleged German Adept Freulein Sprengle? Still we must regard the Golden Dawn as a genuine Rosicrucian body, regardless of Westcott’s fraudulent behavior, as it carries with it a genuine Rosicrucian and Hermetic esoteric transmission. As the Golden Dawn tradition cannot be the sole result of the creativity of two eminent scholars, i.e. S.L. MacGregor Mathers and William Wynn Westcott, because of its complexity and beauty, the F.A.R+C Alchemical tradition cannot for the same reasons be the sole invention of Roger Caro and Kmala Jnana.

The only conclusion that we can make about this French organization is that one cannot be sure about anything regarding its true origins, as it was running a very secret operation. It was and still seems to be a very veiled organization and therefore we are only limited in using whatever information is coming from the organization itself to base our opinions. And as I already have stated, the legitimacy behind the F.A.R+C cannot rest solely on historical autencity but rather on its esoteric transmissions, i.e. its practical Alchemy being taught. So let us finally examine the particular Alchemical teachings and processing of the F.A.R+C.

The Separation of the Prime Matter

The particular Way as taught in the F.A.R+C is the Wet or Humid Way, as opposed to the Dry Way that uses vulgar fire in the Athanor. The Wet Way instead uses the “secret fire”, which is a Salt. This creates a much longer but more gentle approach towards the Great Work, compared to the Dry Way which is much more intense and shorter. Another difference is the matter of choice, the Materia Prima. The Wet Way of F.A.R+C uses the “Read Dragon”, as opposed to the “Black Dragon” or “Grey Wolf” (i.e. Antimony) often used in the Dry Way, such as taught by Basil Valentine and Fulcanelli. The Red Dragon of course being the ore Cinnabar, which is a red stone and a Mercury sulfide, i.e. naturally containing both Mercury and Sulphur.

The Red Dragon

This use of Cinnabar gives a direct hint towards the possible origin of the Path of the Red Dragon, i.e. China. Chinese Alchemists are well known to have used the Cinnabar to create life-prolonging elixirs, mainly used by the Chinese Emperors. However as some of these died by Mercury poisoning, eventually the Daoist “internal” Alchemical tradition was created as a substitute for the “external”, i.e. the practice of Qi-Gong. Unfortunately, mercurial poisoning was also quite common amongst the initiates of the F.A.R+C, which illustrates the dangers associated with this path if not handled with care.

The Secret Fire of the Red Dragon

But it seems as Indian Alchemists of the Araya Vedic tradition also used Cinnabar. So this prime matter has a long-standing eastern tradition behind it, which eventually must have been exported to the Middle East through the Silk Road and eventually found its way to Europe, perhaps as has been suggested by the Templars. In my opinion the Templars may have been the important link between the Arabic speaking Sages and Alchemists and the later Western Hermetic tradition. So legends created by the founders of any Order may contain grains of truth in them, however fantastic they may seem to us at face value. Remember that this Templar origin of the Rosicrucian tradition also were used in the 18th Century by the Gold und Rosenkreutz, and then again one Century later by the Memphis & Misraïm Rite.

It has also been suggested to me that this work with Cinnabar came down to Kmala Jnana and Roger Caro from the mysterious Alchemist Cyliani. This was transmitted mainly through G F Tiffereau, who allegedly brought a piece of gold from Mexico, which he claimed to have manufactured by the Art. Tiffereau managed to persuade Jollivet-Castelot and his acquaintances, which seems to have created a French Alchemical tradition that eventually found its way into the hands of Kmala Jnana. If one reads the only book written by Cyliani, Hermes Unveiled published in 1831, and compare it to the Kmala Jnana path they are both wet or humid paths and are very similar operatively, or almost identical. So there in fact exists a tradition of the Red Dragon prior to the F.A.R+C that in my opinion validates the particular form as taught by Kmala Jnana, and much more than any “Legenda” or story about a “Prelat” concocted in the minds of Roger Caro or anyone else.

The Peacocks Tail

According to this noble and ancient process of the Royal Art, the Mercury and Sulphur contained in the Cinnabar is gently separated using the “secret fire”. Now this Secret Fire is the most guarded secret of the F.A.R+C. It is composed of the enigmatic Sanskrit words Kshàra, Ogás, and Hingula, which are abbreviated into the letters “KOH”. However this in not an ordinary KOH as may be suggested but must be procured through a special process of preparation which has never been revealed in detail, to my knowledge. Even some members of the F.A.R+C got this compound wrong, as this witness attests regarding one of them who:
…clearly did not know how to accomplish the stone but instead was willing to settle for appearances. The missing key was the liquid salt (one of the fires) that decompounds the original cinnabar without external heat to produce living sulphur and mercury. (Note, this salt sounds like the Universal Menstruum of Urbigerus, or the Spirit of Philosophical Wine of Lully or the Alkahest of Philalethes, but is not ordinary KOH solution, which does not accomplish the separation.)
Another enigmatic term used in the F.A.R+C is the “philosophical month”, which does not correspond to any ordinary month of 30 days. Of course this key is also needed to be able to proceed correctly with the operation. The entire process takes approximately 28 philosophical months to complete. And besides a species of “Potable Gold” it is supposed to produce the Philosophers Stone.

The Philosopher's Stone

But the real attracting aspect of this process for me is that it is so beautiful and according to my own teachers wonderfully connects to the Hermetic Inner Alchemical tradition by analogy. According to the Portuguese Alchemist Rubellus Petrinus this path of the F.A.R+C processing is the most noble of all “external” Alchemical paths. Personally I concur with this view and do further believe the Wet Path of the Red Dragon to be on a higher arc of working compared to the Dry Path of the Black Dragon, and intermediary stage to working with the “internal” Ways of Hermetic Alchemy.

I recommend reading the material written by Rubellus Petrinus on his own webpage regarding the Wet Way of the Red Dragon, as they shed some more light upon this process. According to him, he was initiated into its mysteries by a French Adept of the F.A.R+C. This is also the only way to learn this process safely and accordingly, through the word of mouth and ritual initiation.

The F.A.R+C introduced a Seven Degrees initiatic Masonic style system that taught the entire process in steps. Before the initiate were eligible for advancement into the next Degree he had to prove that he had finished the part of the F.A.R+C process as related to his Degree. As an example, to be eligible for advancement into the Second Degree the initiate had to have produced the peculiar Salt or Secret Fire of the Philosophers. As I stated earlier the college of the F.A.R+C was restricted to only 33 initiates which would practice mainly this form of “external” alchemy, but apparently there also existed, according to some, another even more shadowy college of 12 adepts who themselves practiced the “internal” way.

A F.A.R+C medallion

As can bee gathered from the above-cited brief history it is quite obvious that the F.A.R+C was working within not only a Christian framework but also a Catholic one. This is clearly seen in its use of the allegory of the life and ministry of Jesus as metaphors for the different stages of Great Work itself. So it is clear that the F.A.R+C was in fact working within a traditional Rosicrucian paradigm, which always has been favorable to and integrated with the Christian tradition. And as the history of the German Gold und Rosenkreutz Orden (which predated the F.A.R+C by three Centuries) clearly shows, the Rosicrucian tradition had already left its original antipapal stance and hostility towards the Catholic religion, evidenced in the original two Manifestos, only one Century after their publications. As I myself have a Catholic background the F.A.R+C tradition obviously has a special place in my Rosicrucian heart.

S∴R∴

8 kommentarer:

Unknown sa...

Ave VH Fra. SR,

What a wonderful post, thank you! Interesting to see and learn about the Wet way and the mineral process, which is so obscure for those of us who aren't chemically learned. Also interesting to see how analogical Alchemy was practiced by Initiates, with a real transmission and tradition.

Made my day, reading this.

I took the liberty of creating a Slideshow/Album of Roger Caro's photo essay on the Wet Work that you mentioned, so folks can reference it after reading your essay.

Here's the link for that:

http://picasaweb.google.com/lh/sredir?uname=theroyalart&target=ALBUM&id=5357983975678207905&authkey=Gv1sRgCNOKvau49YHkFQ&feat=email

Just cut and paste into browser.

Thanks again,

In LVX,

H.Fra AIT

Sincerus Renatus... sa...

Care Fra. A.I.T.,

Great slide show! Also check out the video of Rubellus Petrinus which gives a thorough presentation of the entire process.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_4MHfbvp2c4&eurl=http%3A%2F%2Fpwp.netcabo.pt%2Fr.petrinus%2Falchemy-e.htm&feature=player_embedded

S.R.

Anonym sa...

Vad betyder INRI egentligen, jag vet att alla inte ger det den latinska betydelsen... "judarnas konung"...eller?

Sincerus Renatus... sa...

"Iesu Nazarinus Rex Iudorem", dvs. "Jesus av Nazareth, Judarnas Konung", är den exoteriska betydelsen. Men den esoteriska lyder annorlunda, nämligen "Igni Natura Renovatur Integra", "Hela naturen förnyas genom eld", vilket naturligtvis har en alkemistisk innebörd.

S.R.

Anonym sa...

Jag laste aven nanstans har pa din blogg att ordet INRI anvands i ett av Golden Dawns riter som nagon skyddsord* mantra av nagot slag..? Har det samma betydelse aven dar dvs "hela naturen fornyas genom eld" eller har det nagon annan betydelse? Det uttalades annorlunda.. Hur har man kommit fram till den esoteriska betydelsen, kan du beratta lite kring det? Tack

Sincerus Renatus... sa...

När det gäller innebörden av att Naturen förnyas genom Eld så är det en gammal uttolkning av bokstäverna I.N.R.I. som jag inte riktigt vet ursprunget till. När det gäller Golden Dawns uttolkning av bokstäverna så hänvisar jag till följande min essä:

http://gyllenegryningen.blogspot.com/2009/04/mystery-of-crucifixion.html

S.R.

Sincerus Renatus... sa...

An anonymous writer has this to say regarding the origins of the F.A.R+C proccess according to Roger Caro. Make your own judgement but I find his words quite interesting:

"Regarding the FARC, I know one of its first members. And I also know four members of the second circle of the FARC. In the college of 12 adepts, none had the Philosopher's Stone.

"This college of the 12 were close friends of Roger Caro. They were not adepts. They only had the name. 8 of 12 had never even completed the first work of the cinnabar path as Roger Caro describes.

"Moreover, no former FARC has the true Philosopher's Stone. They have obtained an particular (archemy) in the path of cinnabar, which gives only very weak transmutations and medicinal mediocre results. Here, indeed, it's Spagyric.

"The cinnabar path of Roger Caro come from documents from Spain. A small group of Spanish alchemists were working towards cinnabar and their documents were "lost" during the Spanish war. A friend of Roger Caro has given it him. But they were not complete. Roger worked with Maurice Auberger over several years. But they did not get the Philosopher's Stone, just a particular.

"Indeed, the technique shows a misunderstanding of the true secret fire use. They do not understand what the magnet of the wise is and especially how to prepare it. Some tracks can be found in treaties of Rasa Sastra (those Baghwan Dash are very well written).

"For the spiritual part of the FARC, it was the universal church of the new alliance that served as support. And this church was first and foremost to return to the bosom of the Catholic Church. I also know several bishops of this church and they found nothing in the transcendent spiritual teachings of Roger Caro. They ended up going to see the side of the East ..."

Free Agent 0007 sa...

Could you tell me what Ogás means in English? I see that Hingula means cinnabar and Kshàra means Alkali but I have been unable to find out what Ogás means. Even my wife who knows Sanskrit doesn't know what it means. Furthermore, any additional information about the meaning of these three words is greatly appreciated...